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Finance & Management

What is Referencing?

What is Referencing?

When you are working on an essay, your thoughts will be shaped by the reading you do. When writing your essay, use good referencing so that your reader can have a clear idea how you have used the work of others to develop your own ideas and arguments.

Whether you are quoting directly from a book, summarising an idea from a journal article, inserting an image, or using data from a financial database, you need to cite the source. Referencing has various benefits, such as respecting others' work, and strengthening the credibility of your own argument. Failure to do so properly can result in plagerism, that is, stealing.

Referencing comes in two parts. The citation and the reference. 

Citation: this is an acknowledgement that you place in your writing at the point you have referred to someone else’s work. It may be in an in-text format or a footnote. They contain basic information such as author's name, publication year and page number. 

Reference: each citation should have a corresponding reference, which provides further details about the source of information you have used. This may include the author’s name, date of publication, title of the work, publisher details and a URL if accessed online. References are usually placed at the end of your essay in a reference list, bibliography list or works cited list. A reference list and works cited list usually only contain references for material you have cited in your work. A bibliography may also include references for materials you have read or consulted but not cited.

Recommended Reading: Cite Them Right (2019) by Richard Pears and Graham J. Shields. (Available as an ebook in SOAS Library)

Information in a bibliographical record

What information do I need for referencing?

When you are reading and taking notes, it is important to also accurately record information about the source. Doing so will save you a lot of time later when you are referencing. Trying to remember where a citation came from can add days of extra work. 

These are the information to note down while reading, They vary slighting depending on the form of material.

Book

  • Author(s)
  • Year of publication
  • Title of book (in italics).
  • Place of publication
  • Publisher
  • Page number

Chapter in a book

  • Author of the chapter/section
  • Year of publication 
  • Title of chapter/section (in single quotation marks) 
  • Title of book (in italics)
  • Editor(s)
  • Place of publication
  • Publisher
  • Page numbers of the whole chapter
  • Specific page number

Journal article

  • Author(s)
  • Title of article in single quotation marks)
  • Title of journal (in italics)
  • Year of publication
  • Volume and issue number
  • Page numbers of the whole article
  • Page number of the specific page

Conference Paper

  • Author of paper
  • Year of publication
  • Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
  • Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
  • Location and date of conference
  • Place of publication
  • Publisher
  • Page references for the paper

Various referencing styles

The bibliographical information you collected needs to be formatted in your essay. The format depends on what referencing style you are using. Some common styles are:

  • Harvard
  • Chicago
  • MLA
  • APA

Check with your lecturer or department which style they recommend you to use. For School of Finance and Management, it is most likely to be Harvard.